Source code for sfs.util

"""Various utility functions."""

import numpy as np
from . import defs


[docs]def rotation_matrix(n1, n2): """Compute rotation matrix for rotation from `n1` to `n2`. Parameters ---------- n1, n2 : (3,) array_like Two vectors. They don't have to be normalized. Returns ------- (3, 3) numpy.ndarray Rotation matrix. """ n1 = normal_vector(n1) n2 = normal_vector(n2) I = np.identity(3) if np.all(n1 == n2): return I # no rotation elif np.all(n1 == -n2): return -I # flip # TODO: check for *very close to* parallel vectors # Algorithm from http://math.stackexchange.com/a/476311 v = v0, v1, v2 = np.cross(n1, n2) s = np.linalg.norm(v) # sine c = np.inner(n1, n2) # cosine vx = np.matrix([[0, -v2, v1], [v2, 0, -v0], [-v1, v0, 0]]) # skew-symmetric cross-product matrix return I + vx + vx**2 * (1 - c) / s**2
[docs]def wavenumber(omega, c=None): """Compute the wavenumber for a given radial frequency.""" if c is None: c = defs.c return omega / c
[docs]def direction_vector(alpha, beta=np.pi/2): """Compute normal vector from azimuth, colatitude.""" return sph2cart(alpha, beta, 1)
[docs]def sph2cart(alpha, beta, r): """Spherical to cartesian coordinates.""" x = r * np.cos(alpha) * np.sin(beta) y = r * np.sin(alpha) * np.sin(beta) z = r * np.cos(beta) return x, y, z
[docs]def cart2sph(x, y, z): """Cartesian to spherical coordinates.""" alpha = np.arctan2(y, x) beta = np.arccos(z / np.sqrt(x**2 + y**2)) r = np.sqrt(x**2 + y**2 + z**2) return alpha, beta, r
[docs]def asarray_1d(a, **kwargs): """Squeeze the input and check if the result is one-dimensional. Returns `a` converted to a :class:`numpy.ndarray` and stripped of all singleton dimensions. Scalars are "upgraded" to 1D arrays. The result must have exactly one dimension. If not, an error is raised. """ result = np.squeeze(np.asarray(a, **kwargs)) if result.ndim == 0: result = result.reshape((1,)) elif result.ndim > 1: raise ValueError("array must be one-dimensional") return result
[docs]def asarray_of_rows(a, **kwargs): """Convert to 2D array, turn column vector into row vector. Returns `a` converted to a :class:`numpy.ndarray` and stripped of all singleton dimensions. If the result has exactly one dimension, it is re-shaped into a 2D row vector. """ result = np.squeeze(np.asarray(a, **kwargs)) if result.ndim == 1: result = result.reshape(1, -1) return result
[docs]def as_xyz_components(components, **kwargs): """Convert `components` to :class:`XyzComponents` of NumPy arrays. The `components` are first converted to NumPy arrays (using :func:`numpy.asarray`) which are then assembled into an :class:`XyzComponents` object. Parameters ---------- components : triple or pair of array_like The values to be used as X, Y and Z arrays. Z is optional. **kwargs All further arguments are forwarded to :func:`numpy.asarray`, which is applied to the elements of `components`. """ return XyzComponents([np.asarray(c, **kwargs) for c in components])
[docs]def strict_arange(start, stop, step=1, endpoint=False, dtype=None, **kwargs): """Like :func:`numpy.arange`, but compensating numeric errors. Unlike :func:`numpy.arange`, but similar to :func:`numpy.linspace`, providing `endpoint=True` includes both endpoints. Parameters ---------- start, stop, step, dtype See :func:`numpy.arange`. endpoint See :func:`numpy.linspace`. .. note:: With `endpoint=True`, the difference between `start` and `end` value must be an integer multiple of the corresponding `spacing` value! **kwargs All further arguments are forwarded to :func:`numpy.isclose`. Returns ------- numpy.ndarray Array of evenly spaced values. See :func:`numpy.arange`. """ remainder = (stop - start) % step if np.any(np.isclose(remainder, (0.0, step), **kwargs)): if endpoint: stop += step * 0.5 else: stop -= step * 0.5 elif endpoint: raise ValueError("Invalid stop value for endpoint=True") return np.arange(start, stop, step, dtype)
[docs]def xyz_grid(x, y, z, spacing, endpoint=True, **kwargs): """Create a grid with given range and spacing. Parameters ---------- x, y, z : float or pair of float Inclusive range of the respective coordinate or a single value if only a slice along this dimension is needed. spacing : float or triple of float Grid spacing. If a single value is specified, it is used for all dimensions, if multiple values are given, one value is used per dimension. If a dimension (`x`, `y` or `z`) has only a single value, the corresponding spacing is ignored. endpoint : bool, optional If ``True`` (the default), the endpoint of each range is included in the grid. Use ``False`` to get a result similar to :func:`numpy.arange`. See :func:`sfs.util.strict_arange`. **kwargs All further arguments are forwarded to :func:`sfs.util.strict_arange`. Returns ------- XyzComponents A grid that can be used for sound field calculations. See :class:`sfs.util.XyzComponents`. See Also -------- strict_arange, numpy.meshgrid """ if np.isscalar(spacing): spacing = [spacing] * 3 ranges = [] scalars = [] for i, coord in enumerate([x, y, z]): if np.isscalar(coord): scalars.append((i, coord)) else: start, stop = coord ranges.append(strict_arange(start, stop, spacing[i], endpoint=endpoint, **kwargs)) grid = np.meshgrid(*ranges, sparse=True, copy=False) for i, s in scalars: grid.insert(i, s) return XyzComponents(grid)
[docs]def normalize(p, grid, xnorm): """Normalize sound field wrt position `xnorm`.""" return p / np.abs(probe(p, grid, xnorm))
[docs]def probe(p, grid, x): """Determine the value at position `x` in the sound field `p`.""" grid = as_xyz_components(grid) x = asarray_1d(x) r = np.linalg.norm(grid - x) idx = np.unravel_index(r.argmin(), r.shape) return p[idx]
[docs]def broadcast_zip(*args): """Broadcast arguments to the same shape and then use :func:`zip`.""" return zip(*np.broadcast_arrays(*args))
[docs]def normal_vector(x): """Normalize a 1D vector.""" x = asarray_1d(x) return x / np.linalg.norm(x)
[docs]def displacement(v, omega): """Particle displacement .. math:: d(x, t) = \int_0^t v(x, t) dt """ return as_xyz_components(v) / (1j * omega)
[docs]def db(x, power=False): """Convert `x` to decibel. Parameters ---------- x : array_like Input data. Values of 0 lead to negative infinity. power : bool, optional If `power=False` (the default), `x` is squared before conversion. """ with np.errstate(divide='ignore'): return 10 if power else 20 * np.log10(np.abs(x))
[docs]class XyzComponents(np.ndarray): """See __init__().""" def __init__(self, components): """Triple (or pair) of components: x, y, and optionally z. Instances of this class can be used to store coordinate grids (either regular grids like in :func:`sfs.util.xyz_grid` or arbitrary point clouds) or vector fields (e.g. particle velocity). This class is a subclass of :class:`numpy.ndarray`. It is one-dimensional (like a plain :class:`list`) and has a length of 3 (or 2, if no z-component is available). It uses `dtype=object` in order to be able to store other `numpy.ndarray`\s of arbitrary shapes but also scalars, if needed. Because it is a NumPy array subclass, it can be used in operations with scalars and "normal" NumPy arrays, as long as they have a compatible shape. Like any NumPy array, instances of this class are iterable and can be used, e.g., in for-loops and tuple unpacking. If slicing or broadcasting leads to an incompatible shape, a plain `numpy.ndarray` with `dtype=object` is returned. To make sure the `components` are NumPy arrays themselves, use :func:`sfs.util.as_xyz_components`. Parameters ---------- components : (3,) or (2,) array_like The values to be used as X, Y and Z data. Z is optional. """ # This method does nothing, it's only here for the documentation! def __new__(cls, components): # object arrays cannot be created and populated in a single step: obj = np.ndarray.__new__(cls, len(components), dtype=object) for i, component in enumerate(components): obj[i] = component return obj def __array_finalize__(self, obj): if self.ndim == 0: pass # this is allowed, e.g. for np.inner() elif self.ndim > 1 or len(self) not in (2, 3): raise ValueError("XyzComponents can only have 2 or 3 components") def __array_prepare__(self, obj, context=None): if obj.ndim == 1 and len(obj) in (2, 3): return obj.view(XyzComponents) return obj def __array_wrap__(self, obj, context=None): if obj.ndim != 1 or len(obj) not in (2, 3): return obj.view(np.ndarray) return obj def __getitem__(self, index): if isinstance(index, slice): start, stop, step = index.indices(len(self)) if start == 0 and stop in (2, 3) and step == 1: return np.ndarray.__getitem__(self, index) # Slices other than xy and xyz are "downgraded" to ndarray return np.ndarray.__getitem__(self.view(np.ndarray), index) def __repr__(self): return 'XyzComponents(\n' + ',\n'.join( ' {0}={1}'.format(name, repr(data).replace('\n', '\n ')) for name, data in zip('xyz', self)) + ')' def make_property(index, doc): def getter(self): return self[index] def setter(self, value): self[index] = value return property(getter, setter, doc=doc) x = make_property(0, doc='x-component.') y = make_property(1, doc='y-component.') z = make_property(2, doc='z-component (optional).') del make_property
[docs] def apply(self, func, *args, **kwargs): """Apply a function to each component. The function `func` will be called once for each component, passing the current component as first argument. All further arguments are passed after that. The results are returned as a new :class:`XyzComponents` object. """ return XyzComponents([func(i, *args, **kwargs) for i in self])